- Divergent thinking is the process of creating a list of items based on a single input. In this case, you begin with a task and consider all the ways that you can accomplish that task without thinking in specifics.
- Convergent thinking is the process of converting all of the general ideas—the goals and non-specific solutions—into the specific solutions that form an application.
Divergent thinking & Convergent thinking
Creativity
Creativity, it has been said, consists largely of re-arranging what we know in order to find out what we do not know." George Kneller
Creativity (or creativeness) is a mental process involving the generation of new ideas or concepts, or new associations between existing ideas or concepts.
From a scientific point of view, the products of creative thought (sometimes referred to as divergent thought) are usually considered to have both originality and appropriateness. An alternative, more everyday conception of creativity is that it is simply the act of making something new.
Although intuitively a simple phenomenon, it is in fact quite complex. It has been studied from the perspectives of behavioural psychology, social psychology, psychometrics, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, philosophy, history, economics, design research, business, and management, among others. The studies have covered everyday creativity, exceptional creativity and even artificial creativity. Unlike many phenomena in science, there is no single, authoritative perspective or definition of creativity. Unlike many phenomena in psychology, there is no standardized measurement technique.
Creativity has been attributed variously to divine intervention, cognitive processes, the social environment, personality traits, and chance ("accident," "serendipity"). It has been associated with genius, mental illness and humour. Some say it is a trait we are born with; others say it can be taught with the application of simple techniques.
Although popularly associated with art and literature, it is also an essential part of innovation and invention and is important in professions such as business, economics, architecture, industrial design, science and engineering. Despite, or perhaps because of, the ambiguity and multi-dimensional nature of creativity, entire industries have been spawned from the pursuit of creative ideas and the development of creativity techniques. This mysterious phenomenon, though undeniably important and constantly visible, seems to lie tantalizingly beyond the grasp of scientific investigation.
LATERAL THINKING
LATERAL THINKING
The term 'lateral thinking' in 1967. It was first written up in a book called "The Use of Lateral Thinking" (Jonathan Cape, London) - "New Think" (Basic Books, New York) - the two titles refer to the same book.
For many years now this has been acknowledged in the Oxford English Dictionary which is the final arbiter of the English Language.
There are several ways of defining lateral thinking, ranging from the technical to the illustrative.
1. "You cannot dig a hole in a different place by digging the same hole deeper"
This means that trying harder in the same direction may not be as useful as changing direction. Effort in the same direction (approach) will not necessarily succeed.
2. "Lateral Thinking is for changing concepts and perceptions"
With logic you start out with certain ingredients just as in playing chess you start out with given pieces. But what are those pieces? In most real life situations the pieces are not given, we just assume they are there. We assume certain perceptions, certain concepts and certain boundaries. Lateral thinking is concerned not with playing with the existing pieces but with seeking to change those very pieces. Lateral thinking is concerned with the perception part of thinking. This is where we organise the external world into the pieces we can then 'process'.
3. "The brain as a self-organising information system forms asymmetric patterns. In such systems there is a mathematical need for moving across patterns. The tools and processes of lateral thinking are designed to achieve such 'lateral' movement. The tools are based on an understanding of self-organising information systems."
This is a technical definition which depends on an understanding of self-organising information systems.
4. "In any self-organising system there is a need to escape from a local optimum in order to move towards a more global optimum. The techniques of lateral thinking, such as provocation, are designed to help that change."
This is another technical definition. It is important because it also defines the mathematical need for creativity.
Resume Writing Tips
Resume Writing Tips
- List your technical knowledge first, in an organized way. Your technical strengths must stand out clearly at the beginning of your resume. Ultimately, your resume is going to be read by a thoughtful human being, but before it gets to that point it often has to be categorized by an administrative clerk, and make its way past various sorts of key word searches. Therefore, you should list as many directly relevant buzz words as you can which reflect your knowledge and experience. List all operating systems and UNIX flavors you know. List all programming languages and platforms with which you're experienced. List all software you are skilled with. Make it obvious at a glance where your strengths lie - whether the glance is from a hiring manager, a clerk, or a machine.
- List your qualifications in order of relevance, from most to least. Only list your degree and educational qualifications first if they are truly relevant to the job for which you are applying. If you've already done what you want to do in a new job, by all means, list it first, even if it wasn't your most recent job. Abandon any strict adherence to a chronological ordering of your experience.
- Quantify your experience wherever possible. Cite numerical figures, such as monetary budgets/funds saved, time periods/efficiency improved, lines of code written/debugged, numbers of machines administered/fixed, etc. which demonstrate progress or accomplishments due directly to your work.
- Begin sentences with action verbs. Portray yourself as someone who is active, uses their brain, and gets things done. Stick with the past tense, even for descriptions of currently held positions, to avoid confusion.
- Don't sell yourself short. This is by far the biggest mistake of all resumes, technical and otherwise. Your experiences are worthy for review by hiring managers. Treat your resume as an advertisement for you. Be sure to thoroughly "sell" yourself by highlighting all of your strengths. If you've got a valuable asset which doesn't seem to fit into any existing components of your resume, list it anyway as its own resume segment.
- Be concise. As a rule of thumb, resumes reflecting five years or less experience should fit on one page. More extensive experience can justify usage of a second page. Consider three pages (about 15 years or more experience) an absolute limit. Avoid lengthy descriptions of whole projects of which you were only a part. Consolidate action verbs where one task or responsibility encompasses other tasks and duties. Minimize usage of articles (the, an, a) and never use "I" or other pronouns to identify yourself.
- Omit needless items. Leave all these things off your resume: social security number, marital status, health, citizenship, age, scholarships, irrelevant awards, irrelevant associations and memberships, irrelevant publications, irrelevant recreational activities, a second mailing address ("permanent address" is confusing and never used), references, reference of references ("available upon request"), travel history, previous pay rates, previous supervisor names, and components of your name which you really never use (i.e. middle names).
- Have a trusted friend review your resume. Be sure to pick someone who is attentive to details, can effectively critique your writing, and will give an honest and objective opinion. Seriously consider their advice. Get a third and fourth opinion if you can.
- Proofread, proofread, proofread. Be sure to catch all spelling errors, grammatical weaknesses, unusual punctuation, and inconsistent capitalizations. Proofread it numerous times over at least two days to allow a fresh eye to catch any hidden mistakes.
- Laser print it on plain, white paper. Handwriting, typing, dot matrix printing, and even ink jet printing look pretty cheesy. Stick with laser prints. Don't waste your money on special bond paper, matching envelopes, or any color deviances away from plain white. Your resume will be photocopied, faxed, and scanned numerous times, defeating any special paper efforts, assuming your original resume doesn't first end up in the circular file.
The Ultimate Screen Play
Run Lola Run(1999)
Tom Tykwer
(Writer/Director)
The Story
When we meet Manni (Moritz Bleibtreu), a small time courier for big time gangster, he is working a standard pick-up/drop-off, and everything is going just fine. When the job is done, all he has to do is wait for his girlfriend, the orange-haired punk 
girl Lola (Franka Potente), to pick him up. But today is unlike any other day. Due to an incident while she was buying a pack of cigarettes, Lola is late, and Lola is never late. One stroke of bad luck leads to another, and by the time Manni calls Lola, he is at a pay phone with a big, big, big problem. His unforgiving boss will meet him in twenty minutes to pick up 100,000 marks; money that Manni, suddenly, does not have.
Lola rushes out of her apartment and down the street, attempting to get to Manni and, somehow, pick up 100,000 marks on the way. She tears through the city, in a whirl of bums, nuns, babies and guns. Down sidewalks, into offices, through traffic and back again. As her feet slap the pavement and the seconds tick down, the tiniest choices become life altering (or ending) decisions, and the fine line between fate and fortune begins to blur.
girl Lola (Franka Potente), to pick him up. But today is unlike any other day. Due to an incident while she was buying a pack of cigarettes, Lola is late, and Lola is never late. One stroke of bad luck leads to another, and by the time Manni calls Lola, he is at a pay phone with a big, big, big problem. His unforgiving boss will meet him in twenty minutes to pick up 100,000 marks; money that Manni, suddenly, does not have.
Lola rushes out of her apartment and down the street, attempting to get to Manni and, somehow, pick up 100,000 marks on the way. She tears through the city, in a whirl of bums, nuns, babies and guns. Down sidewalks, into offices, through traffic and back again. As her feet slap the pavement and the seconds tick down, the tiniest choices become life altering (or ending) decisions, and the fine line between fate and fortune begins to blur.
A simple story told with much warmth and compassion.
some times some films may make some wonder inside the heart ... this is it ...The way home
Dedicated to grandmothers everywhere',
"The Way Home (Jibeuro)" could easily be called the best Korean film of 2002. Detailing the travails of a spoiled 7-year old boy who is left in the care of his 77-year old grandmother in the countryside, "The Way Home" is writer/director Lee Jung-hyang's simple yet touching follow-up to "Art Museum by the Zoo (Misulgwan yup dongmulwon)". Made on a paltry budget of $1.2 million US, this quiet drama was a welcome antidote to the high-profile blockbuster flops that littered the Korean moviegoing landscape that year.
The film begins with Sang-woo (Yu Seung-ho) being dropped off at the rural hovel of his deaf-and-mute grandmother (Kim Eul-bun) so that his mother (Dong Hyo-heui) can go job-hunting unfettered in Seoul. Unfortunately, Sang-woo does not adapt well to his new surroundings. His grandmother is unable to speak and has diminished mental faculties, making communication difficult. Furthermore, the country lifestyle, without the modern conveniences of television or running water, comes as a bit of shock to the video game-playing Sang-woo. Frustrated by his new home, Sang-woo begins to lash out, which includes calling his grandmother a 'retard'. But despite her grandson's bratty and disrespectful behavior, the grandmother displays the patience of a saint as she quietly goes about her business of cooking his meals, washing his clothes, and gathering his drinking water from the local well. Over time, her persistence eventually pays off, as a maturing Sang-woo slowly comes to appreciate the sacrifices that have been made to give him a home. With "The Way Home", director Lee skilfully mines the dramatic potential between her two main characters. Most of the film's emotional pull comes from Sang-woo being completely oblivious to the consequences of his selfish actions, as well as from his grandmother's tireless efforts to care for him. This dichotomy is most apparent in two of the film's most moving scenes.
In the first, Sang-woo freaks out after his grandmother boils him chicken after having shown her a picture of Kentucky Fried Chicken-- unfortunately, the effort that went into such an act of maternal love, which includes a trek into town through pouring rain, is completely lost on Sang-woo. The second is a bus trip into town where the grandmother is almost reduced to begging to sell her vegetables on the street in order to buy Sang-woo a new pair of shoes-- but as usual, Sang-woo ends up snubbing his grandmother on the bus ride home to hang out with a girl he likes (Yim Eun-kyung). Aside from the most literal interpretation, "The Way Home" could also be considered an examination of the gap between South Korea's older generation, which has witnessed the painful emergence of the country's democracy, and its youth, who have grown up in a world of cell phones, Internet access, and music videos. Like Sang-woo, it is sometimes easy to forget that today's "Take Care of My Cat" generation owes much of their liberties and luxuries to the sacrifices made by their "Peppermint Candy" predecessors. In addition to the well-paced and well-told story, the performances that Lee brings out of her two leads are both stirring and credible. Kim, who plays the grandmother, is not a professional actress, and she was actually brought on board after being spotted in a small country village. Without the benefit of dialogs, Kim's weathered face and simple expressions give her character an air of quiet dignity, stoic determination, and unwavering love.
Yu, who is one the film's only professional actor, is also excellent as the bratty Sang-woo, who eventually comes to appreciate and care for his grandmother. Together, these two actors form an uncommon cinematic pairing that hooks the audience in, and make reaching for the Kleenex in the third act inevitable. After being released in its native South Korea, "The Way Home" quickly made its way into the hearts of the nation's moviegoers, and by year's end, it had become the second-highest grossing homegrown production for 2002 (behind "Marrying the Mafia"). "The Way Home" has also found its way onto movie screens around the world, including becoming the second-most successful North American release of a Korean film (behind "Chunhyang"),
After watching "The Way Home", it is not difficult to see why the film has had such a profound impact-- after all, I am sure that at one time or another, we have all been as impatient and self-absorbed as Sang-woo, and it was only through the patience and wisdom of our parents and grandparents that have made us for the better.
The Woods
A teenage girl is drawn into the path of the unknown in this tale of terror. Heather (Agnes Bruckner) is a teenage girl whose father (Bruce Campbell) and mother take little interest in her.
Heather's parents enroll her in a private boarding school for girls located deep in a remote forest; Heather isn't happy with this turn of events, and she doesn't get along well with her classmates or the head mistress, Ms.
Traverse (Patricia Clarkson). As she struggles to make the best of her situation, Heather notices that slowly but surely the other students at the school have been vanishing, and there seems to be a mysterious force in the nearby woods which has been claiming the lives of the young women -- and will soon be coming after Heather.
Sharing and Growing
I ask all of those who are using this blog, to make it more useful to others. Saying this i just want them to share their experiences with the other users so that others get guidance and motivation. Lets learn though mutual sharing of information
From Selvaprakash sir
Recently i read one intresting post for Young Photographer .I would like to share that post to you people.I Hope it will be usefull
Advice for young photographers-by Michael Kamber
I am writing this from the Baghdad bureau of The New York Times where I am on assignment.
I have received dozens of queries from photojournalists starting out in the business. I am writing this in response, partly so I can refer others to it in the future and not spend time on lengthy replies. Some beginners ask for advice on gear,others on how to get started finding assignments and selling their work.
photo by selvaprakashI will describe my own path into photojournalism here and give some general advice that may be useful. This is not definitive in any way. It is simply my experience and opinion formulated from twenty years experience as a photojournalist. No doubt others can weigh in and improve this with their comments and ideas. I started as a photojournalist by going to art school. I thought I would be a fine art or landscape photographer, but I took a photojournalism course and was quickly hooked. When my money ran out after a year, I dropped out of school, but continued to work as a teaching assistant for photojournalism classes. I may have learned more in this way than I did as a student. I received no credit, but photography is a meritocracy. In over 20 years, I have never been asked for my degree; in the world of photojournalism, your portfolio is your degree. I also learned a great deal from spending days in the library, reading about photojournalism and looking up, and discovering, each new name that I chanced upon. In this way I found Robert Capa, Robert Frank, Larry Clark, Alex Webb and dozens of others. If you are going to be a photojournalist, you should have a good working knowledge of the history of photojournalism, and of the medium’s iconic images. You can show me nearly any often published photograph from the 20th century and I can tell you who took it and where. I’ve studied the pictures carefully and memorized details about them. This is extremely useful and will help you later as you shoot. As you study images, you should think about where the photographer is in relation to the subjects, study how he or she has managed the light and the angle of the camera. Is the photo effective because it is compressed with a telephoto, or opened up with a wide-angle lens? And how did they get access, how will you gain access to a similar situation? I believe that the written word, still photos and film are connected. Artists in the above disciplines are telling stories, whatever the medium. It is important for those in one area to study the work of documentarians and artists in the others. At the bottom of this page is a list of recommended writers, photographers and filmmakers—all personal favorites. To be a photojournalist, you should be informed. I’m was appalled at a group of photographers who showed up in Haiti a few years ago, but did not know who the Duvalier’s were, or know even the most rudimentary history of the country. These countries are not there for you to practice photo-tourism and have an extended holiday. These are people’s lives you are documenting. Be knowledgeable and show respect. At the very least, you should read the front page or lead web stories each day from either the Washington Post, LA Times or NY Times. The New Yorker has the best long-form journalism in the English language. I read it every week. A second language is probably the most important skill you can acquire—far more important that the latest camera gear or a diploma from a photo school. It takes time, but you should speak at least basic French or Spanish in addition to English. Arabic, or a language spoken in China, would be an excellent choice also, especially as I write this in 2007. I began my “career” by photographing street demonstrations in New York and taking the pictures around to newspapers and wire services. There was easy access to what was happening, which is important when you’re starting out. And even the pictures I was not able to sell helped me to build a portfolio. I also began, almost immediately, to work on long-term projects. I cannot overstate the importance of long-term projects. Rather than run around taking hundreds of pictures of dozens of subjects, it is much better to spend a few weeks or a month with a family, or a group of people and get to know them. Your pictures will reveal your commitment as subjects become comfortable with you. Choose your projects carefully. There are hundreds of important projects out there waiting to be discovered and photographed. Photo editors know the commitment behind this kind of in-depth work, and they respect it. A good photo-essay on one project will be remembered and will help to get you assignments. You are going to have to promote yourself and your work. If you’re afraid of rejection, find another line of work. You have to take your work around, or send it out to editors constantly. Most will turn you away. That’s the nature of the business. Get used to it and don’t take it personally. I was crushed in 1985 when Fred McDarrah, an editor at The Village Voice, spent 30 seconds flipping through a portfolio I had spent months creating, then dismissed me with a flip of his hand. It took me a long time to get my courage up again, but I eventually did “break in” to The Village Voice, then a major photo publication. So you must be persistent. And remember that editors are extremely busy. Expect them to take a few minutes to see your work, not more. They don’t need to see hundreds of photos on many subjects. Show them 20 or 25 photos they will remember and you’ll be much better off. Notes on technique: When I am photographing, I often approach my subjects and explain what I am doing, then ask permission to take their picture. In the ideal situation, I will spend hours or days with a subject; they become comfortable with my presence and I can capture what I want. Sometimes I will carry a small album with my pictures, which I will show to people. This helps them to understand who I am and what I’m working on—there is some give and take. People always want to feel that you are not there to exploit them. Be sensitive to this. In a news situation I never ask permission, nor do I do anything to alter the situation as it is happening. Likewise, if I am on the street and see a moment in time that would be destroyed by my asking permission, I shoot without asking. I feel that this is my art and I have the right to practice it. I do not pay my subjects—it is unethical and makes it impossible for those who come after you to work without paying also. Notes on equipment: There is no magic camera that will make you take great pictures. Use what works for you. Develop a system that is reliable and that you are comfortable with. Never, under any circumstances, go on a major assignment with brand new equipment that you have not used. I don’t care if it is the latest and greatest. Often there will be glitches and growing pains, you don’t want these when you’re under the gun.For two decades I used primarily Leica rangefinders. I’m now doing a lot of work with Canon digital EOS models, mostly a 5D and a 24-70 zoom lens. In Africa, where I’m based, I always have a Hasselblad for portraits and usually a Leica as well. I still believe in film but have to acknowledge that for a newspaper photographer, it is impractical at best. I’m a bit of a “techie,” I carry a lot of gear when doing long assignments and am always experimenting with some new piece that will give me an edge. I know photographers far better than me that walk around with one battered body and a single lens and do great work. I hate flash and avoid it at all cost. Other photographers who I admire shoot with flash all the time. There is no right way to do it. I would say that a low light lens, preferably a wide-angle f1.4, or at least an f2, is a good investment. I shoot at night frequently, and here in Baghdad I am out with soldiers on night raids inside homes—flash is out of the question. There are exceptions to what I wrote above: in a combat situation, I do not carry a lot of gear. Usually one camera and one lens. Under fire is not a time to be fumbling with gear. Shoot what you can with what you have. I will update this as I get new ideas and suggestions and post it on my website, Kamberphoto.com Some of my recommended materials: Photo books: Eugene Richards, Cocaine True, Luc Delahaye, WinterRiesse Robert Frank, The Americans Gilles Peress, Telex Iran Mary Ellen Mark, anything by her. William Klein, anything you can find. Movies: Harlan County, USA, a documentary movie by Barbara Koppel My American Girls, a documentary video about a Dominican family Anything by the Maysle brothers. Anything by D.A. Pennebaker. Journalism: Joseph Mitchell, Up in the Old Hotel, Joan Didion, anything she’s ever done. Michael Herr, Dispatches, Guy Trebay, In The Place to Be, William Finnegan, Cold New World, Anything by Charlie Leduff or Barry Bearak in the New York Times. George Orwell, anything he’s ever written; Down and Out in Paris and London, and Homage to Catalonia, are particularly good.
Networking
Networking is used in every aspect of life and the computer communication has become an essential infrastructure. From schools to government offices, from shipping to advertising, from planning to accounting, the networking of computers are everywhere. Internet is the most important phenomenon in the concept of networking Networking is used in every aspect of life and the computer communication has become an essential infrastructure. From schools to government offices, from shipping to advertising, from planning to accounting, the networking of computers are everywhere. Internet is the most important phenomenon in the conc Many distinguished technology exists in networking with individual standards and are not compatible with each other. So multiple technologies are interconnected to provide a combination of networks. To understand the complexity in the networking, it is important to know the basics like wires connecting the computers, wiring schemes, communication protocols and about the network congestions
LAN TECHNOLOGY
A Local Area Network connects two computers and a printer and allows either of the computers to access the printer.
LAN allow multiple computers and devices attach directly to a single, shared network.
Local Area Network technology has become the most popular form of computer networks.
With LAN more number of computers can be connected than with any other type of network.
LAN technology is inexpensive and widely available
ept of networking
Several LAN designs emerged from the research.
The designs differed in techniques and approaches to sharing mechanisms.
Because of invention of many LAN technologies each are classified in terms of topologies.
Networks are broadly classified into different categories based on the logical structure called topologies.
The major topologies used in a LAN networks are STAR, RING and BUS topologies.
The Mumbai International Film Festival
 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||
Downlods
- Right to Information act. >>> download now !!!
- International Film Festival >>>> statement download >>> Form Download
Imagine Cup win $8,000
Want a chance to win an all-expense paid vacation to Seoul, Korea, and a shot at some great prizes? You could win $8,000 for winning an invitational, or even $25,000 for winning the software design invitational. You’ll get to help the world and win money? It doesn’t get any better than that. .
The world’s premier student technology competition,
the Imagine Cup is one way Microsoft is encouraging young people to apply their imagination, their passion and their creativity to technology innovations that can make a difference in the world – today. Now in its fifth year, the Imagine Cup has grown to be a truly global competition focused on finding solutions to real world issues.
Competitions on
Technology Solutions
Skills Challenges
Digital ArtsRegister here .........................................................................................................................................................................
Macro-environment:
Macro-environment:
the major uncontrollable, external forces
- Economic,
- Demographic
- Technological
- Natural
- Social and Cultural
- Legal and political
Micro Environmental Factors
Micro Environmental Factors >>These are internal factors close to the company that have a direct impact on the organisations strategy. These factors include:
The company > (Internal Environment)
External environment or factors:
Customers Organisations survive on the basis of meeting the needs, wants and providing benefits for their customers. Failure to do so will result in a failed business strategy. Employees Employing the correct staff and keeping these staff motivated is an essential part of the strategic planning process of an organisation. Training and development plays an essential role particular in service sector marketing in-order to gain a competitive edge. This is clearly apparent in the airline industry.They are needed to design and implement the marketing plans
Employees
Employing the correct staff and keeping these staff motivated is an essential part of the strategic planning process of an organisation. Training and development plays an essential role particular in service sector marketing in-order to gain a competitive edge. This is clearly apparent in the airline industry.
Suppliers
Increase in raw material prices will have a knock on affect on the marketing mix strategy of an organisation. Prices may be forced up as a result. Closer supplier relationships is one way of ensuring competitive and quality products for an organisation.
Shareholders
As organisation require greater inward investment for growth hey face increasing pressure to move from private ownership to public. However this movement unleashes the forces of shareholder pressure on the strategy of organisations. Satisfying shareholder needs may result in a change in tactics employed by an organisation. Many Internet companies who share prices rocketed in 1999 and early 2000 have seen the share price tumble as they face pressures from shareholders to turn in a profit. In a market which has very quickly become overcrowded many will fall.
Media
Positive or adverse media attention on an organisations product or service can in some cases make or break an organisations. In the UK the adverse publicity the Millennium Dome has received has had impact on projected sales figures. Wheedler who recently entered the DVD market has received many award from industry magazine resulting in an increased demand for this product and most importantly an increased awareness of the Wheedler brand.
Consumer programmes on TV like the BBC's Watchdog with a wider and more direct audience can also have a very powerful and positive impact, forcing organisations to change their tactics.
Competitors
The name of the game in marketing is differentiation. What benefit can the organisation offer which is better then their competitors. Can they sustain this differentiation over a period of time from their competitors?. Competitor analysis and monitoring is crucial if an organisation is to maintain its position within the market.
What is the Marketing Mix? Description
What is the Marketing Mix? Description
The Marketing Mix model (also known as the 4 P's)
- Product
- Price
- Place (distribution)
- Promotion
The term "marketing mix" became popularized after Neil H. Borden published his 1964 article, The Concept of the Marketing Mix. Borden began using the term in his teaching in the late 1940's after James Culliton had described the marketing manager as a "mixer of ingredients". The ingredients in Borden's marketing mix included product planning, pricing, branding, distribution channels, personal selling, advertising, promotions, packaging, display, servicing, physical handling, and fact finding and analysis. E. Jerome McCarthy later grouped these ingredients into the four categories that today are known as the 4 P's of marketing, depicted below:
Product
The term "product" refers to tangible, physical products as well as services. Here are some examples of the product decisions to be made:
- Brand name
- Functionality
- Styling
- Quality
- Safety
- Packaging
- Repairs and Support
- Warranty
- Accessories and services
Price
Some examples of pricing decisions to be made include:
- Pricing strategy (skim, penetration, etc.)
- Suggested retail price
- Volume discounts and wholesale pricing
- Cash and early payment discounts
- Seasonal pricing
- Bundling
- Price flexibility
- Price discrimination
Distribution (Place)
Distribution is about getting the products to the customer. Some examples of distribution decisions include:
- Distribution channels
- Market coverage (inclusive, selective, or exclusive distribution)
- Specific channel members
- Inventory management
- Warehousing
- Distribution centers
- Order processing
- Transportation
- Reverse logistics
Promotion
In the context of the marketing mix, promotion represents the various aspects of marketing communication, that is, the communication of information about the product with the goal of generating a positive customer response. Marketing communication decisions include:
- Promotional strategy (push, pull, etc.)
- Advertising
- Personal selling & sales force
- Sales promotions
- Public relations & publicity
- Marketing communications budget
Marketing
Finding out what customers want, then setting out to meet their needs, provided it can be done at a profit. Marketing includes market research, deciding on products and prices, advertising promoting distributing and selling.
MARKETING includes identifying unmet needs; producing products and services to meet those needs: and pricing, distributing, and promoting those products and services to produce a profit.
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)